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Table 2 Difference (p value) in the hemodynamic (HbO) response across all fNIRS channels between the novices and the experts during 0 to 10 s at the start of the FLS complex task and in the error epoch. Automated anatomical labelling (AAL) of the cortical areas underlying fNIRS channels (source #–detector # pair) are also listed based on AtlasViewer's default head model [1]

From: Error-related brain state analysis using electroencephalography in conjunction with functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a complex surgical motor task

Source #

Detector #

Regions

FLS complex task—p value

Error epoch—p value

1

1

Inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part left hemisphere

0.78

0.35

1

15

Superior frontal gyrus, orbital part left hemisphere

0.95

0.69

1

16

Superior frontal gyrus, orbital part left hemisphere

0.64

0.79

2

2

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral left hemisphere

0.35

0.77

2

3

Middle frontal gyrus left hemisphere

0.59

0.78

2

17

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral left hemisphere

0.45

0.17

3

1

Inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part left hemisphere

0.45

0.27

3

3

Middle frontal gyrus left hemisphere

0.17

0.67

3

5

Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part left hemisphere

0.14

0.03*

4

1

Superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital left hemisphere

0.84

0.04*

4

3

Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part left hemisphere

0.19

0.56

4

15

Superior frontal gyrus, orbital part left hemisphere

0.71

0.29

5

2

Middle frontal gyrus left hemisphere

0.59

0.54

5

3

Middle frontal gyrus left hemisphere

0.80

0.08

5

4

Postcentral gyrus left hemisphere

0.11

0.11

5

5

Precental gyrus left hemisphere

0.41

0.23

6

4

Postcentral gyrus left hemisphere

0.04*

0.04*

6

5

Superior temporal gyrus left hemisphere

0.37

0.01*

6

6

Rolandic operculum left hemisphere

0.77

0.44

6

18

Supramarginal gyrus left hemisphere

0.46

0.34

7

2

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral left hemisphere

0.74

0.89

7

4

Postcentral gyrus left hemisphere

0.04*

0.48

7

7

Postcentral gyrus left hemisphere

0.18

0.42

8

4

Postcentral gyrus left hemisphere

0.16

0.23

8

6

Supramarginal gyrus left hemisphere

0.23

0.73

8

7

Inferior parietal, but supramarginal and angular gyri left hemisphere

0.14

0.44

8

19

Inferior parietal, but supramarginal and angular gyri left hemisphere

0.59

0.51

9

8

Middle frontal gyrus, orbital part right hemisphere

0.33

0.04*

9

15

Superior frontal gyrus, orbital part right hemisphere

0.04*

0.44

9

20

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral right hemisphere

0.88

0.23

10

8

Inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part right hemisphere

0.34

0.11

10

9

Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part right hemisphere

0.23

0.14

10

13

Inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part right hemisphere

0.80

0.09

10

21

Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part right hemisphere

0.79

0.78

11

9

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral right hemisphere

0.44

0.97

11

10

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral right hemisphere

0.05

0.80

12

8

Middle frontal gyrus, orbital part right hemisphere

0.64

0.19

12

9

Middle frontal gyrus right hemisphere

0.32

0.15

12

15

Superior frontal gyrus, orbital part right hemisphere

0.47

0.32

13

9

Inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part right hemisphere

0.78

0.45

13

10

Precental gyrus right hemisphere

0.34

0.72

13

12

Precental gyrus right hemisphere

0.57

0.35

13

13

Precental gyrus right hemisphere

0.47

0.62

13

22

Precental gyrus right hemisphere

0.71

0.89

14

12

Supramarginal gyrus right hemisphere

0.34

0.59

14

13

Insula Right hemisphere

0.81

0.71

14

14

Superior temporal gyrus right hemisphere

0.40

0.77

15

10

Superior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral right hemisphere

0.17

0.45

15

11

Postcentral gyrus right hemisphere

0.05

0.54

15

12

Precental gyrus right hemisphere

0.85

0.14

16

11

Superior parietal gyrus right hemisphere

0.18

0.69

16

12

Supramarginal gyrus right hemisphere

0.83

0.86

16

14

Angular gyrus right hemisphere

0.59

0.82

16

23

Angular gyrus right hemisphere

0.57

0.23