Fig. 5
From: Modeling brain connectivity dynamics in functional magnetic resonance imaging via particle filtering
Mean conditional dependencies between real fMRI data computed through the particle filter: in blue, the histogram of mean values obtained on time-series randomly permuted in time, while the red line shows the corresponding mean value obtained from non-permuted time-series. Many of these values lie well outside of the null distribution, therefore their value reflects the effective mean causal interaction and it is not produced by chance